Reverse-osmosis desalination of seawater powered by photovoltaics without batteries

The design, construction and testing of a photovoltaic-powered reverse-osmosis (PV -RO) desalination system is presented The system operates from seawater and requires no batteries, since the rate of production of freshwater varies throughout the day according to the available solar power. Initial testing of the system, with the modest solar resource available in the UK, provided freshwater at approximately 1 5 m3/day. Nearer to the equator and with a PV array of only 2.4 kWp, a software model of the system predicts production of over 3 m3/day throughout the year. The system employs a Clark pump brine-stream energy recovery mechanism and this, coupled with variable water recovery ratio, achieves a specific energy consumption of less than 4 kWh/m3 over a broad range of operation. Standard industrial inverters, motors and pumps are employed and provide good energy and cost efficiency. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the photovoltaic array IS provided by a novel control algorithm, developed by the author. Instrumentation and data acquisition of the hardware test rig using LabVIEW is described. Testing and modelling of the system components in MATLAB-Simulink is presented, together with a discussion of the full system modelling and design procedure, in which the aim was to minimise the cost of water. This led to a capital cost estimate of £23,055 includmg the PV array, and an overall cost of water, including full maintenance, of £200 per m3